Friday, November 15, 2024

The mysterious 1960s Buckskin Running Mare and Foal

In the early 1990s, my family used to frequent a large monthly flea market in the Atlanta area. Over the years, many dealers began to recognize my mom because she was always looking for Breyers, and they would let her know whenever they had models to sell. We had a lot of holes in our collection at that time, and the models were usually cheap, so Mom would literally bring home grocery bags full of Breyers. It was awesome.

On one occasion, a dealer introduced my mom to a gentleman who was helping a friend of his sell off items from his late mother's estate. These included a rather large collection of Breyer and Hartland models from the 1950s and 1960s. There were a number of nice pieces including old glossies, woodgrains, and many horse and rider sets. Sadly, there were no decorators, but there were two pieces that made up for it, the rare and mysterious 1960s buckskin Running Mare and Foal.



At the time, we knew of one other collector who had found a mare and foal pair, and if I'm remembering right, that collector also knew of one other mare and foal as well. Interestingly, all three mares and at least two of the foals had been found in Georgia. Needless to say, we put in an offer for the collection and won it, and these special pieces have been in our collection ever since.

When Nancy Young's wonderful Breyer book came out a few years later, I was very interested to see if she knew anything about the buckskin Running Mare and Foal. Based on the other models from the collection, we knew our buckskins most likely dated to the 1960s. Nancy concurred---the models have the round Breyer Molding Company stamp that was added to most molds beginning in 1960 but they lack the USA stamp that was likewise added to most molds around 1970. Like us, she guessed that they were probably a small special run.

Like the #87 Buckskin Mustangs, some of the buckskin
Running Mares have a partial dorsal stripe.
 


Very few examples of this set have been found in the intervening 30 years, and almost no information about them has come to light. But what little is known tells an interesting story. Around 15 years ago, a page from a catalog from a retailer called the Red Bird Sales Company turned up on eBay, and it sold for a small fortune. While it didn't picture the buckskin Running Mare and Foal set, it did list them as items available for order as though they were regular runs. 

Fascinatingly, the buckskin Running Mare is listed as model #122 and the buckskin Running Foal is listed as #132. These numbers fit perfectly into Breyer's numbering convention for the other regular run Running Mare and Foal sets listed in the 1963 dealer catalog, the year the molds first appeared in the catalog (as far as we know.)


Here is a close up of the text at the bottom. Note that the mare numbers skip from 121 to 123 and the foal numbers skip from 131 to 133. The buckskins belong in that gap, but why aren't they listed?


The Running Mare and Foal molds are not present in the 1960 dealer catalog or price list, but they do appear in the 1963 edition as pictured above. If catalogs were issued in 1961 and 1962, they have not yet come to light, but supplemental pages presumably meant to be added to the 1960 catalog are known. We also know Breyer regularly made models available for the holidays before they debuted in dealer catalogs the following year, so the Running Mare and Foal may have been released in late 1962. The Red Bird catalog page therefore can not date any earlier than late 1962, and based on the presence of the Hartland 7" Mare and Foal on the page, it can't date any later than 1964, the last year the Hartland set was produced according to Hartland historian and author Gail Fitch. Given the gap in the 1963 catalog where the buckskins ought to be, I suspect the earlier date must be correct.

Another piece of the puzzle came to light (publicly, anyway) last fall. The info booklet that came with the 2023 Vintage Club release Thunderbird included this snippet from another Red Bird Sales Company catalog page. It lists the Buckskin Running Mare and Foal as "discontinued" due to "manufacturers' changes." This corrections page likely dates to late 1962 or early 1963. 

Photo by Barrie Getz

The fact that Red Bird had Breyer's manufacturer numbers for the Running Mares and Foals, including the buckskins, suggests that a price list that included them once existed. If it should ever come to light, I would be most curious to see if it was dated. My guess if it was would be a date late in 1962 or early in 1963. The official Breyer dealer catalog for 1963 must date from a bit later in the year, hence the exclusion of the buckskins. Which of course leaves us with the question of why the buckskin run was canceled? Perhaps Breyer didn't receive many orders for them in the run up to Christmas 1962? Whatever the case, it seems that their release as a regular run was planned but ultimately scrapped before the 1963 dealer catalog went to the printer.

Since I don't own any of the Red Bird catalogs myself (nor even copies, alas), I was interested to recently learn from a fellow model horse history nerd who does have some of the catalog pages that the Red Bird Sales Company was located in Dunwoody, GA, a suburb of Atlanta about 10 minutes from my parents' house. The collection we bought that yielded the Buckskin Running Mare and Foal came from, you guessed it, Dunwoody. Undoubtedly, the original owner ordered her models from the Red Bird Sales Company. Given that several other buckskin Running Mares and Foals turned up in the Atlanta area, it makes me wonder if Red Bird was the main retailer, or perhaps even the only retailer, who ordered and received any of these models? It seems unlikely we'll ever know for sure, but the buckskin Running Mares and Foals remain elusive, suggesting that very few were ever produced and distributed. 

Tuesday, November 5, 2024

Blue Monday, er, Tuesday

Blue Monday is an expression that means, according to Merriam-Webster, "a Monday that is depressing or trying especially because of the return to work and routine after a weekend." I think we all feel that way returning to work, especially after a time change, whether we spring forward or fall back. An extra hour of sleep this past weekend was helpful, but not enough! (Blue Monday is incidentally also an excellent New Order song.) Today however is now Tuesday, and because I really love blue decorator models, this feels like a good excuse for a pretty pony picture post.

When Breyer offered their decorator line in 1963, the models sold poorly, so much so that they were discontinued after not much more than a year in production. Some were even painted over by the factory and resold in realistic colors. Collectors who remember seeing decorators in stores as kids have said they weren't interested in them because they weren't real horse colors. Decorators have become wildly collectible in the intervening decades because of their rarity, but I think also because most collectors now appreciate their beautiful fantasy paint jobs, too.

Having grown up with My Little Ponies and Fashion Star Fillies, unrealistic colors have never phased me, and I have a decided weakness for models painted in varying shades of blue. I love the traditional decorator colors of Wedgewood and Copenhagen, both the vintage originals...

1960s Wedgewood Running Foal and
Copenhagen Running Mare


...as well as modern takes on these colors.

2014 Web Special "Glacier"

2024 Stablemate Club Gambler's Choice "Miguel"

I also like models molded in blue plastic, both opaque...

Mostly stripped former battleship grey Donkey
molded in blue plastic

...and especially clearware! I don't have any pictures of Breyer clearware handy, so this lovely Nosco Buck is a good stand-in. (Breyer copied this mold for their Modernistic Buck.)


Sometimes, a nice blue paint job on a model can induce me to buy a mold I don't otherwise collect, like this Show Jumping Warmblood.


Washington, a current regular run


My blue horse addiction isn't limited to just Breyers---I have Hartlands, too. This blue 9" Polo Pony and blue 11" Quarter Horse were both made in 1967 only. I'm not sure if their limited production was due to lack of popularity for the color or possible financial struggles for Hartland (the company was sold a few years later).





I have dabbled in blue Stone horses as well. While I sold most of the ones I had to pay bills a few years ago, this stunning Morgan is a keeper---I love all of the shifting metallic shades of blue, turquoise, and green.



Believe it or not, I even have a few blue ceramic horses. This turquoisey-blue Hagen-Renaker Retro was a colorful re-release of the Black Bisque Horse mold. He was offered in a run of 1000 pieces in 4 colors from 2005-2021, but the run did not sell out so only a few hundred were made. This turquoise example is #2 from the run.



I'm not sure if this lovely old Rosenthal piece was meant to be dappled blue rather than dappled grey, but he's a delightful piece regardless.



I'm casually on the hunt for more blue horses. I still need the 2021 holiday blue Croi Damsha Sprice Drop, and even though I don't collect the mold, I kind of love the 2020 holiday blue clearware Icelandic Pony. It's like blue kryptonite. Eventually, I also hope to add Peplum, the rare turquoise 2018 event Foalzilla, and the 2021 BreyerFest blue Ansel variation to my collection, but both of those will have to wait while I (try to) save up money.

In the meantime, I'm looking forward to more affordable fixes of blue horse dopamine, like this gorgeous silvery blue-ish clearware piece due out next year for Breyer's 75th anniversary. Rural King has a sneak peek on their website. It is stunning!


Mink mold + clearware + pretty color =



Thursday, October 31, 2024

Weird Finds: Halloween Edition!

As much as I love Halloween, I don't really collect much in the way of holiday themed models. Horses with scenes painted on them are not generally my thing. But I do however love weird and obscure collectibles, and with the wind gusting and dead leaves skittering across the ground here, this seems like the perfect opportunity to blog about a mysterious, spoooooky oddity. That's right, a test run Breyer creepy kitten in black with terrifying green eyes!


Be not afraid though! This sweet kitty is a lucky black cat---I'm sure any collector would love to have her cross their path! She is a test run from the 1990s when many oddball models escaped from the New Jersey Breyer factory. Security back then (and also especially in the Chicago factory years) was pretty lax, and a number of models went home with Breyer employees or were sneakily liberated from Breyer dumpsters. Some of these oddities subsequently turned up in New Jersey flea markets or on eBay. Naturally, they are highly prized by collectors---my sister and I are thrilled to be the caretakers of this goofy kitten!

Wishing you all a Happy Halloween and Spooky Samhain! If a black cat crosses your path tonight, be sure you pet it!


Friday, October 18, 2024

Stop the presses! Mini plastic Zara!

As I was wrapping up my work day this afternoon, my friend Sarah texted me this amazing picture from a new Breyer catalog she had just received in the mail. My mouth quite literally fell open when I saw it. We often text back and forth about new models we'd like to see from Breyer, especially Traditional scale models shrunken down to Stablemate scale. And because Breyer has offered mini crystal versions of some models before offering them as minis in plastic, we both agreed that the Proud Arabian Mare (produced in crystal in 2022) had to be in that pipeline somewhere. And apparently she was, but not quite in the way either of us could have predicted!



Because this new Stablemate Club model for 2025 is not a mini Proud Arabian Mare---she's a scan of a Hagen-Renaker Large Zara made miniature! This is literally history-making. It's the first new Hagen-Renaker design licensed to Breyer to make in plastic since the 1970s. Kristina Lucas of Hagen-Renaker Tennessee assured collectors via social media today that this is an exciting new collaboration between the companies. (The beautiful fleabitten color with blood marks (patches of ungreyed coat) was designed by Lesli Kathman, the hobby's most knowledgeable color genetics enthusiast and author.)

The Large Zara is of course the model that Breyer copied for their Proud Arabian Mare mold in the late 1950s, leading to a lawsuit and the discontinuation of the PAM until Breyer negotiated a deal with Hagen-Renaker in the early 1970s. I have been slowly writing a post about the relationship between Hagen-Renaker and Breyer, and with that in mind, I photographed a bunch of our Hagen-Renakers and their Breyer counterparts this past July when I was visiting my parents and sister (and the herd). Since Breyer has sprung this amazing model on us, I thought it would be a good time to share photos showing the differences between the Proud Arabian Mare and the Large Zara.

Unlike some of the other models that Breyer copied in the 1950s (Boehm, Rosenthal, etc), the PAM is not an exact copy cast from a Zara. They are subtly different sculptures. The most obvious difference is that Zara's head is turned to the left while the PAM is facing straight ahead. In person, you can see that Zara's whole body has a slight curve to it, making her stance subtly different from the PAM. She is also slightly larger and more refined and detailed than the PAM.


Note the slight lift to the edge of Zara's mane

 
 




I will continue to dream of the possibility of Traditional scale plastic Large Zaras that I can buy by the dozen to repaint in every color my heart desires (dapple grey! bay sabino! flaxen chestnut! a Trabag portrait!), but in the meantime, I will be looking for all of the copies of mini Zara I can get my hands on. I wonder if my coworkers would mind if I got them Stablemate Club memberships? (Only joking...I think.)

Wednesday, October 16, 2024

Breyer's 25th Anniversary Silver Saddlebred Stablemate

Breyer will celebrate their 75th anniversary of making model horses next year, and with that in mind, I thought it would be fun to write about some of the special models they have produced to celebrate past major milestones. Some anniversary models have been available as regular runs in stores, like the 50th anniversary palomino Moody Saddlebred clock sold in 2000, but a few were very rare mementos given out only as promotional pieces.

The first of these models that I know of was produced in 1975 for Breyer's 25th anniversary, the elusive silver-electroplated G1 Saddlebred. The mold was brand new that year, a licensed plastic version of the earthenware ceramic model made by Hagen-Renaker and sculpted by Maureen Love. The silver Saddlebreds were created as giveaways for Breyer reps and certain high-volume Breyer retailers.

For a time, my sister and I owned three of these beauties

Breyer's first model, the Western Horse, was undoubtedly inspired by the fancy parade horses of the 1940s, many of which were Saddlebreds. Though Breyer didn't really identify the Western Horse as such until the last few years, it seems to have been at least implied with the 50th anniversary Moody Saddlebred clock. I can't help but wonder if the Stablemate Saddlebred mold was chosen for this promotion in 1975 with that origin story in mind as well.

Like the rest of Breyer's models, the Stablemate line was molded in cellulose acetate, but in order to be electroplated, the silver Saddlebreds had to be molded in ABS plastic instead. Peter Stone related to Nancy Young that B&P Electroplating had done the work, and he thought that around 1000 models had been made. They were originally packaged in small silver gift boxes with a purple flocked interior molded to fit the horse. [1]


Given the scarcity of these models---I know of about 5 or 6 in the hands of collectors---I can't help but wonder if substantially fewer than 1000 were made. After all, Breyer had to pay another company to electroplate the models which presumably was not a small outlay. Would they really have gone to such an expense for so many models they planned to give away? The models were created as promotional pieces, and the majority probably ended up in the hands of non-collectors, but you would think more might have surfaced in the intervening 50 years if the run really was that large.

My sister and I are lucky enough to own the only two examples that have been found with their original boxes as of this writing. Both came from the estates of former Breyer reps and had been packed away in boxes forgotten for decades. They are like tiny time capsules---both are absolutely pristine and untarnished.


The November/December 1990 issue of Breyer's magazine Just About Horses featured this intriguing photo of a silver Stablemate Saddlebred and a traditional scale silver Man O' War. The caption says that over the years, Breyer had "contemplated augmenting its line with models such as this." I remember being absolutely in awe of these models when I received this issue of JAH as a kid. I still covet a silver plated Man O' War! (Who wouldn't?)


Since 1990, Breyer has produced models painted with silver paint, like the 1993 BreyerFest judges' model, the silver filigree Proud Arab Mare (designed by the late longtime collector Shirley Ketchuck).

They've achieved shinier, more reflective silver filigree painted models in the last 10 years or so with various holiday web specials like Banff, the silver buffalo.

But it was only recently that Breyer finally successfully duplicated that lovely mirror-like finish that mimics silver plating. Fittingly, the first model to sport this look since 1975 was also made to commemorate a Breyer anniversary. This stunning mini Brishen was produced as the rare chase piece for the 70th Anniversary Mystery Horse Surprise Stablemate blind bags in 2020. Perhaps a traditional scale model in this finish is finally on the horizon?

 
 

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1) Young, Nancy Atkinson. Breyer Molds and Models: Horses, Riders, and Animals 1950-1997. (Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing Ltd, 1999), pg. 300.


Friday, October 4, 2024

My Own Money Manager Manifested!

I mentioned in a recent post that my family likes to joke that if we talk about or think about a certain model enough, we can manifest it. So that said, I spent the last several months working on and researching my early history of Breyer post, and I most definitely had Breyer's My Own Money Manager bank on the brain because of it. I've wanted one for years, but they're very hard to find, and they're usually expensive despite often being in rough shape when they do turn up.

So, not surprisingly, I was very excited to see a Money Manager pop up on eBay mere days after my Breyer history post went live a couple of weeks ago. Manifested? Maybe! I stalked the auction impatiently for a week, won it for a song, and then refreshed the tracking number for the box frequently once it was shipped. As soon as I got the text notification that it had arrived, I flew out of my office, slapped a sign on the door that I was "at lunch," and ran over to the campus mail room to retrieve the box.

The auction did give the dimensions of the Money Manager, not much more than 4 inches tall, but it's smaller than I've always imagined it. It's so tiny and cute!

Yay! Silly grail achieved!


According to the "New Toys On Parade" feature in the February 1950 issue of Toys and Novelties, a Chicago toy industry magazine, the My Own Money Managers were sold exclusively by Gimbels in New York for the holidays beginning in 1949 with more general distribution of the item planned for 1950.  The Money Managers were described as "authentic, miniature office file[s]," and they were advertised as having "sales potential to adults, teen-agers, careerists, for office petty cash, and unlimited other purposes," although they were primarily marketed for kids. Each one came with printed labels for the drawers, "12 popular headings for children, 8 for adults, and 4 blanks for personal projects." The Money Managers  also came with a booklet entitled "Grow A Self-Reliant Child."

February 1950 Toys and Novelties

The Money Managers came in "flag red" or "forest green," according to Breyer's advertising, and they were molded in Tenite plastic, just like the horses that would follow soon after. They were highly touted by Parents magazine and seem to have been popular sellers initially. Peter Stone, son of company founder Sam Stone, recalled that the Money Managers were sold in Walgreens drug stores (and likely other drug stores and five-and-dimes of the time). He also remembered seeing commercials for them on TV featuring a local Chicago celebrity. [1] The ad on the left below shows a child watching just such a commercial on TV.

March 1950 Toys and Novelties ads

In June 1950, an ad for a 6-drawer Money Manager was featured in Toys and Novelties. It was priced at $2.98, the original price for the 4-drawer model (which was reduced to only $1.98). Interestingly, the ad also includes model numbers for the Money Managers, 0044 for the 4-drawer and 0046 for the 6-drawer. There aren't many Money Managers in the hands of collectors, and the majority of them are 4-drawer examples. I think I recall seeing a 6-drawer example owned by another collector in a photo on Facebook several years ago, but I can't find it again, so I'm not sure I'm remembering correctly. Whatever the case, the 6-drawer Money Manager was only advertised once in Toys and Novelties as best I can tell (my local archive was missing some issues from the early 1950s), and they are even harder to find than the 4-drawer version.


For the holidays in 1950, Sears offered the usual red and green Money Managers as well as a tortoise shell version marketed as a Cigarette Host for adults. Collector Andrea Gurdon found one in the original box some years ago---you can read about it on her blog here. Peter Stone said that his father and his business partner came up with the idea for the cigarette host first, but it didn't sell well, so they rebranded it as a children's bank. [2]

1950 Sears ad

As of this writing, it's known that some Money Managers are just marked "Pat. Pending" while others say "Breyer Molding Co., Chicago, Ill., Pat. Pending, Made In U.S.A." Presumably, the earliest pieces had only the short patent pending text while the later versions included the Breyer name. Andrea's Cigarette Host has the full text, so it seems likely that Breyer continued to sell those along with the Money Managers at least as late as December 1950. I haven't found any other ads for the Cigarette Host, so that may suggest that it was only sold for about a year which is in keeping with Peter's recollection that it sold poorly. That would also suggest the text on the Cigarette Hosts and Money Managers was expanded from "Pat. Pending" to the full wording by late 1950. If that's the case, I would assume that Money Managers like mine that are only marked "Pat. Pending" are presumably from the first few months of production.

Some of the earliest ads for Money Managers in magazines like Toys and Novelties and Playthings featured palomino and alabaster Western Horses on one side of a page with the Money Managers on the back. I didn't have either of those color horses handy today for photos, so this well-loved old pinto WH who hangs out in my office got to be the scale model.




The last ads for Money Managers appeared in 1953 magazines, and after that, there were no further mentions of them from Breyer. By that time of course, Breyer had discovered that plastic horses sold really well, and their toy line had taken off in a more fun direction. More on that soon when I post part two of Breyer's early history in the 1950s.

Money Managers initially sold for $2.98 in 1950 which is the equivalent of $38.92 in 2024 (according the the US Inflation Calculator website), so they were not inexpensive items. Even when they were marked down to $1.98 in mid-1950 and then $1.69 in the Sears 1950 holiday catalog, that was still $25.86 and $22.07. A more reasonable price to be sure, but perhaps not low enough to keep them a viable product.

When Nancy Young published the last edition of her Breyer Molds and Models book in 1999, she was not aware of any Money Managers in the hands of collectors. [3] In the intervening years, a few of them have come to light, but they remain pretty elusive despite having been available for about 4 years from late 1949-1953. This is likely due in part to the fact that some of them are not marked Breyer, and they probably fly under the radar unidentified on sites like eBay. Also, though Money Managers are fairly solidly constructed---mine is heavier than I expected---they are a bit fragile. The doors on the drawers fit snugly and can be hard to open and unlock for coin retrieval. If handled roughly, they can chip, crack, and break. The cases are also prone to warping, making the drawers inaccessible and the product useless. I would guess a lot of these ended up in land fills long ago.

The handful of other Money Managers owned by collectors that I've seen seem to be evenly split between green and red, and all of the ones I could find pictures of have 4-drawers. If someone reading this had a 6-drawer example, I'd love to see a photo! As for the Cigarette Host, I have not seen anyone mention finding one besides Andrea. This isn't entirely surprising. Since the Money Managers are not horses or animals, they have a pretty limited audience among Breyer collectors. But I would hope there are more lurking out there, waiting to be found in the collection of early toy enthusiasts or tobacciana collectors. I will certainly be on the hunt for Money Manager variations now!

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1) Young, Nancy Atkinson. Breyer Molds and Models: Horses, Riders, and Animals 1950-1997. (Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing Ltd, 1999), pg. 332.

2) Ibid.

3) Ibid.

Wednesday, September 18, 2024

The Early History of Breyer: 1943-1952

  "There's a great future in plastics. Think about it. Will you think about it?"


These lines from the 1967 movie The Graduate---advice offered to Dustin Hoffman's character at his college graduation party---have always stuck with me (even when little else from the film did). I watched the movie for the first time some 30 years after it was released, and I thought the lines were kind of funny at the time. I mean, duh, plastic is ubiquitous in modern life, right? But while plastic is a part of everyday life that we often take for granted, it absolutely revolutionized life as we know it after World War II. In the 1960s when The Graduate was made, the plastic industry was still booming and growing.

The history of plastic dates back to the 1830s, but it took decades for the process to be refined and perfected. Some of the earliest uses included billiard balls (ivory had become expensive and rare) and then film and phonograph records.[1] The dawn of the 20th century saw greater leaps in manufacturing technology, and plastic became more accessible, appearing as nylon in tooth brush bristles, as the ever-popular Bakelite jewelry, and in celluloid vanity sets (hairbrushes, hand mirrors, etc) and other decorative wares. Simple celluloid toys became available by the 1930s, most of which were manufactured in Germany, the largest importer of toys to the United States before World War II.[2]

As tensions in Europe rose in the late 1930s however, imports from Germany slowed to a trickle, and wood, composition, and metal toys produced in the United States began to grow in popularity and numbers. Plastic technology continued to improve, but with the advent of World War II, most American plastic manufacturing was diverted to the war effort. Manufacturers learned a great deal during those years, and when the war finally ended, the plastic industry truly took off. Toy magazines and catalogs from the late 1940s clearly show the swift transition from wood, composition, and metal toys to plastic---by 1950, the switch was pretty much complete. Injection molding technology had also arrived which revolutionized the process of making goods in terms of speed, cost, and safety. [3]

The post-war baby boom and the advent of television and all the advertising tie-ins that came with it produced a huge audience for new plastic toys. And this is where the Breyer Molding Company comes into the picture. New plastic manufacturers were sprouting up all over the country in the late 1930s and 1940s, especially once the US joined the war. Plastic production increased by 300% during those years to meet the huge demand [4], and Breyer was one of the companies that rose to the challenge.

The Breyer Molding Company as model horse collectors know it began in 1943 at 2536 W. Lake Street just west of downtown Chicago in the heart of the city's manufacturing district. Peter Stone (yes, that Peter Stone) related to Breyer historian Nancy Young that his father Sam Stone and business partner Barney Smith bought the company for $15,000 knowing nothing at all about the plastic molding business.[5] Smith died unexpectedly in November 1947, and Charles Schiff joined the company in his place.

Many collectors have wondered where the Breyer name came from, and despite the company being in business for more than 80 years, it's been an enduring mystery. To the best of anyone's knowledge, there was never an "old man Breyer" who started the company. Stone and Smith purchased the company with the Breyer name from a family called Shoecraft, and Peter's best recollection was that the name honored "a 19th century German chemist who invented a type of cellulose plastic."[6] I have spent months digging through archives, contacting museums and historical organizations devoted to preserving the history of chemistry and plastic, and reaching out to various academic institutions around the world in hopes of finding some clue as to who this chemist was, but all of my searching has come to naught. No one has any record of a chemist named Breyer, not even one without a connection to early plastic experimentation.

I did however find a Nobel prize winning 19th century German chemist by the name of Adolf von Baeyer who was primarily known for his work synthesizing indigo dye, but who is also famous for inventing a precursor to what later became Bakelite. The name is off by one letter, but it's easy to confuse a capitalized A with a capitalized R (and Breyer's logo is capitalized), so Baeyer might have accidentally been misspoken, misread, misspelled, mistranscribed, or misremembered as Breyer. I can't prove that von Baeyer is the inspiration behind the Breyer name, but he is the only 19th century German chemist whose name and work comes at all close to matching Peter's recollection, so I think this is a plausible source for the name.

That said, it is also possible that the story about the German chemist was apocryphal. For all we know, the Shoecraft family had a relative, friend, mentor, or financial backer named Breyer. We'll probably never know. But if Peter's memory was correct, Adolf von Baeyer might just be the namesake we've been looking for all these years.

With World War II in full swing in 1943, there was a tremendous need for plastic parts for the war effort for airplanes, various military vehicles, and other equipment, and Breyer was commissioned to make everything from radio housings to steering wheels.[7] After the war ended and the demand for parts from the government waned, Breyer continued to design and mold items for other companies like RCA and Zenith [8], and they began to develop their own products as well, such as checkers, poker chips, and other simple toys. As you can see from the 1946 ad below, the Breyer factory was a one-stop-shop for plastic production from concept to creation---they designed items, made molds for said items, and produced plastic items from their molds.

A Breyer ad from the 1946 edition of The Buyers' Guide
and Industrial Directory of Chicago


Breyer's earliest forays into the toy market were vaguely educational. Peter Stone related to Nancy Young how as a boy helping out at the factory, he would load the warmed plastic pills for molding poker chips and checkers into the compression molding machines [9]. Breyer also briefly sold a Money Manager bank from 1949 to about 1953. They were molded in "superior quality acetate Tenite" [10] as per the ad below and came in "flag red or forest green" with 4 or 6 drawers. They included labels so children could save their money for different things like presents, charity, and savings.

March 1950 Toys and Novelties ads

The 1950 Sears Christmas catalog also advertised a Breyer-made Cigarette Host molded in "tortoise shell color plastic" right alongside the Money Manager. (Perhaps not the best product arrangement for the page.) All of these early non-animal Breyer products are hard to find.

 
As I wrote in my posts about the history of the Western Horse, the Breyer factory was located only a few miles from the Mastercrafters Clock and Radio Company. In 1950, Breyer was commissioned by Mastercrafters to take over some molding work that had formerly been done by Hartland Plastics of Wisconsin. This work resulted in the iconic Western Horse, the very first Breyer model. As I discussed in the Western Horse blog series, the Breyer Western Horse was a very close copy of the Hartland Victor, and it was also Chris Hess' first horse sculpture for Breyer. Though no one knew it at the time, this sideline of plastic horses would eventually eclipse all of the other practical plastic goods Breyer made and become the company's primary product and main claim to fame.

The very first Breyer models, the Western Horses Over Clocks


Breyer provided horses for Mastercrafters for a few years, first to stand over the clocks (probably 1950 only) and later to stand beside the clocks (circa 1951-1952). By 1951, Breyer also had begun to sell the Western Horses as freestanding models in palomino and alabaster. Early records and company lore suggest that Woolworths department store placed an order for 2,000 of the freestanding Western Horse models to sell in their stores. [11]


In June 1952, Breyer's business was booming, so much so that they built an 11,000 sq foot addition to their factory. [12]

Me (with a Breyer PAM and her Chicago-era box) posing like
the giant nerd I am in front of the old Chicago Breyer factory


By late 1952, Breyer had begun producing their second and third molds, a Boxer dog and the Western Pony. Which came first is debatable, but the Boxer was at least promoted in the Chicago toy publication Toys and Novelties. (I have yet to find a similar ad announcing the Western Pony, but hope springs eternal.) The Western Pony is a smaller version of the Western Horse, so in that regard, it too is technically a derivative of the Hartland Victor from which the Western Horse was copied. The Western Pony came in both palomino and white like his big brother, and the striking black colorway with gold feet was introduced for both models at this time as well.

The Breyer Boxer model was yet another copy, although this time unauthorized. It was molded directly from the fine porcelain Boxer sculpted by Edward Boehm and sold by his studio in New Jersey. Chris Hess, who was a sculptor, carver, and mold maker, most likely tooled this mold for the company. Copying the works of other contemporary companies, especially those producing ceramic or porcelain wares, became a common theme for Breyer in the 1950s and into the early 1960s. The glossy and occasionally chalky finishes on some of their early models were in fact meant to imitate fine porcelain!

March 1953 Toys and Novelties ad

Boehm Boxer (left) and Breyer Boxer (right)

I had intended to try to cover all of the 1950s in this post, but Breyer production really began to take off in 1953-1954, and this post is already pretty long, so I will cover the rest of that decade in a subsequent post. In the mid 1950s, Breyer continued to copy other manufacturers, but they also began to create their own sculptures as well. The next post will cover the rise of TV show tie-ins, holiday catalog special runs, a lawsuit for copyright infringement, and much more!



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1) Science History Institute Museum and Library: https://sciencehistory.org/education/classroom-activities/role-playing-games/case-of-plastics/history-and-future-of-plastics/

2) Lone Star Chemical (plastic manufacturer): https://lonestarchemical.com/50-years-of-favorite-plastic-toys/

3) Syracuse University Library, The Plastics Collection: https://plastics.syr.edu/page.php?id=/essays/plastic-toys

4) Science History Institute Museum and Library: https://sciencehistory.org/education/classroom-activities/role-playing-games/case-of-plastics/history-and-future-of-plastics/

5) Young, Nancy Atkinson. Breyer Molds and Models: Horses, Riders, and Animals 1950-1997. (Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing Ltd, 1999), pg. 332.

6) Ibid

7) Ibid.

8) Walerius, Marney J. Breyer Models: Reference and Insurance Guide. (Barrington, IL: Self published, 1991), pg. 1.

9) Young, 332.

10) Tenite is a kind of cellulosic plastic (cellulose acetate) made by Eastman (Kodak) starting in 1929
https://www.eastman.com/Brands/Tenite/Pages/Overview.aspx

11) Past iteration of the breyerhorses.com website

12) "10 Million Will Be Spent by Chicago Plants," Suburbanite Economist, (Chicago, IL), June 22, 1952, pg 48.